Selenium：让浏览器替你干活

from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.common.keys import Keys

driver = webdriver.Chrome()                # Selenium Manager 自动管驱动
driver.get("https://www.bing.com")

box = driver.find_element(By.NAME, "q")   # 定位搜索框（name 属性是 q）
box.send_keys("Selenium WebDriver", Keys.RETURN)   # 输入并回车

print(driver.title)                        # 现在已是结果页的标题
driver.save_screenshot("result.png")      # 截一张图存档
driver.quit()                              # 关浏览器、结束会话

driver.find_element(By.ID, "username")
driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#login input[name='password']")
driver.find_element(By.XPATH, "//button[contains(text(), '登录')]")

items = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".search-result li")
print(len(items))        # find_elements 找不到返回 []，适合计数与遍历

from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

# 最多等 10 秒，元素「可见且可点」就立刻返回
btn = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
    EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#submit"))
)
btn.click()

# 隐式等待是另一条路：全局设置一次，所有 find_element 自动轮询
driver.implicitly_wait(5)
# 注意：隐式与显式不要混用，会造成难以理解的叠加等待

options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
options.add_argument("--headless=new")        # 新版无头模式
options.add_argument("--window-size=1920,1080")  # 无头下也要给尺寸
options.add_argument("--disable-gpu")

driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)

# 切换窗口 / iframe / 执行 JS 的常用姿势
driver.switch_to.window(driver.window_handles[-1])   # 切到新开的窗口
driver.switch_to.frame("login-iframe")              # 进 iframe
driver.switch_to.default_content()                   # 出来，回主文档
driver.execute_script("window.scrollTo(0, document.body.scrollHeight);")

# 运行前：pip install selenium（本机装有 Chrome，驱动自动管理）
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

KEYWORD = "Selenium WebDriver"

def main():
    options = webdriver.ChromeOptions()
    options.add_argument("--window-size=1280,900")

    driver = webdriver.Chrome(options=options)
    try:
        driver.get("https://www.bing.com")

        # 1. 等搜索框「可点」再输入，不用 time.sleep 硬等
        box = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
            EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.NAME, "q"))
        )
        box.send_keys(KEYWORD + "\n")          # 回车即搜索

        # 2. 显式等待结果列表出现（页面异步渲染，必须等）
        results = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
            EC.presence_of_all_elements_located(
                (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#b_results > li")
            )
        )

        # 3. 断言：这就是自动化测试与裸跑的区别
        assert len(results) > 0, "结果列表为空，搜索可能失败"
        first = results[0].text.replace("\n", " ")
        print(f"共 {len(results)} 条结果，第一条：{first[:60]}")

        # 4. 截图存档，方便回看与写报告
        driver.save_screenshot("result.png")
        print("截图已保存 result.png")
    finally:
        driver.quit()                        # 无论成败都关浏览器

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

$ python search_test.py
共 12 条结果，第一条：Selenium automates browsers...
截图已保存 result.png

import pytest
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
from selenium.webdriver.support.ui import WebDriverWait
from selenium.webdriver.support import expected_conditions as EC

@pytest.fixture
def driver():
    driver = webdriver.Chrome()
    yield driver          # 用例在这里运行
    driver.quit()         # 无论成败都会执行

def test_bing_search(driver):
    driver.get("https://www.bing.com")
    box = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
        EC.element_to_be_clickable((By.NAME, "q"))
    )
    box.send_keys("Selenium WebDriver\n")
    results = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
        EC.presence_of_all_elements_located((By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#b_results > li"))
    )
    assert len(results) > 0

# pages.py —— 页面长什么样，只有这个文件知道
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By

class SearchPage:
    BOX = (By.NAME, "q")
    RESULTS = (By.CSS_SELECTOR, "#b_results > li")

    def __init__(self, driver):
        self.driver = driver

    def search(self, keyword):
        self.driver.find_element(*self.BOX).send_keys(keyword + "\n")

    def result_count(self) -> int:
        return len(self.driver.find_elements(*self.RESULTS))

# test_search.py —— 用例里只出现业务语言，不出现选择器
def test_bing_search(driver):
    page = SearchPage(driver)
    driver.get("https://www.bing.com")
    page.search("Selenium WebDriver")
    assert page.result_count() > 0

# 旧（4.3 起已删除，直接报错）
driver.find_element_by_id("username")

# 新（唯一写法）
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver.find_element(By.ID, "username")

# 坏：猜时间，猜错了就炸
time.sleep(3)
driver.find_element(By.ID, "result")

# 好：等条件成立，最快 0.1 秒、最慢 10 秒
el = WebDriverWait(driver, 10).until(
    EC.visibility_of_element_located((By.ID, "result"))
)